Frequently Asked Questions

What is ALS?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also called Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a progressive and fatal neuromuscular disorder. It gradually destroys the nerve cells that control voluntary muscles, leading to weakness and eventually the inability to walk, speak, swallow and breathe. In the United States roughly 5 000 new cases are diagnosed each year, and around 300 000 people live with the disease worldwide. There is currently no cure.

What is a brain–computer interface?

A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a system that records brain signals and translates them into commands for external devices. Neuralink’s N1 implant is a prime example: it is a small, cosmetically invisible device placed in the skull. Ultra‑thin threads containing electrodes are inserted into the motor cortex. The implant detects electrical impulses when a person intends to move, digitises the signals and transmits them wirelessly to a computer or phone. Software then decodes these patterns to move a cursor, type or control other devices. This process gives users “digital autonomy” by turning thoughts into actions without requiring muscle movement.

Is it safe?

Any procedure that places electronics inside the brain carries risk. Neuralink addresses safety through a minimally invasive design, using flexible threads inserted by a robot that avoids blood vessels to minimise tissue damage. The company’s R1 robot has performed hundreds of surgeries on animals and uses lifelike human models to refine its technique. In 2023 Neuralink received authorisation from the US Food and Drug Administration to begin human trials (the PRIME study) after addressing concerns about implantation, wire migration and device removal. Even so, the long‑term effects and durability of these implants remain uncertain, and careful clinical trials are essential to evaluate their safety. Ethical considerations such as informed consent, data privacy and ongoing care must also be taken seriously.

How does Jake communicate?

Jake communicates by controlling a computer with his thoughts. The N1 implant reads neural signals from his motor cortex and, via machine‑learning algorithms, turns them into cursor movements and clicks. By imagining the movement of his hand he can type, browse the web and even play video games. Other participants demonstrate similar capabilities: Noland Arbaugh plays chess and video games hands‑free; Brad Smith, who is non‑verbal, narrates videos using an AI‑generated voice; and Mike continues his professional surveying work by operating computer‑aided design software from home.